This episode will focus on some of the laws that may affect the use of AI in elections and political campaigning in Malaysia or, while intended to govern these spaces, may be inadequate. The legislation we consider include the Anti Fake News Act 2018, the Penal Code, the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998, The UK GDPR, Singapore's Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act and Malaysia's Elections Offences Act 1959.

Additional Reading and References:

• The rebirth of Malaysia’s fake news law – and what the NetzDG has to do with it - https://verfassungsblog.de/malaysia-fake-news/ 

• Singapore: ICJ calls on government to repeal or substantially amend the POFMA, two years after it entered into force - https://www.icj.org/singapore-icj-calls-on-government-to-repeal-or-substantially-amend-the-pofma-two-years-after-it-entered-into-force/ 

• Defending Freedom of Expression, Asia Centre – Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats - chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://asiacentre.org/wp-content/uploads/Defending_Freedom_of_Expression_Fake_News_Laws_in_East_and_Southeast_Asia.pdf 

• Minnesota advances deepfakes bill to criminalize people sharing altered sexual, political content - https://apnews.com/article/deepfake-minnesota-pornography-elections-technology-5ef76fc3994b2e437c7595c09a38e848 

• Profiling in Political Campaigning - https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/direct-marketing-and-privacy-and-electronic-communications/guidance-for-the-use-of-personal-data-in-political-campaigning-1/profiling-in-political-campaigning/ 

• Rights related to automated decision making including profiling - https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/individual-rights/individual-rights/rights-related-to-automated-decision-making-including-profiling/ 

• What is the impact of Article 22 of the UK GDPR on fairness? - https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence/guidance-on-ai-and-data-protection/how-do-we-ensure-fairness-in-ai/what-is-the-impact-of-article-22-of-the-uk-gdpr-on-fairness/ 

• How AI could take over elections – and undermine democracy - https://theconversation.com/how-ai-could-take-over-elections-and-undermine-democracy-206051 

• Automated Decision-Making Under the GDPR: Practical Cases from Courts and Data Protection Authorities - https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/FPF-ADM-Report-R2-singles.pdf 

• Towards new rules on transparency and targeting of political advertising - https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/733592/EPRS_BRI(2022)733592_EN.pdf 

• Examples of Data Points Used In Profiling, Privacy International - chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/data%20points%20used%20in%20tracking_0.pdf 

• Online Political Campaigning During Malaysia’s GE15: Blurred Lines - https://fulcrum.sg/online-political-campaigning-during-malaysias-ge15-blurred-lines/ 

• Social Media and On-Line Political Campaigning in Malaysia Sara Chinnasamy, Izyan Roslan, University Technology Mara, Selangor, Malaysia. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=62472