In Episode 21, we confront one of the most debated concepts in contemporary Islamic political thought: the idea of a universal Caliphate. Drawing on Zafarullah Khan’s Islam in the Contemporary World: A New Narrative, this episode explores how a fixation on past models of Islamic governance has obscured the pragmatic and pluralistic vision offered by the Quran. Khan argues that the Quranic emphasis on diversity—'made you into nations and tribes'—recognizes the reality of different political entities, and that historical attempts to unite all Muslims under a single political rule were never absolute nor Quranically mandated. Instead, he advocates for a modern Islamic commonwealth—a network of cooperation, not domination—grounded in mutual respect, shared values, and sovereign nation-states. This episode challenges traditionalist calls for a restored Caliphate and encourages Muslims to take responsibility for their political futures within the framework of modern international norms.