In Episode 19, we explore Zafarullah Khan’s critical examination of Sufism and its evolving role in Muslim societies, as presented in Islam in the Contemporary World: A New Narrative. Khan argues that the stagnation of the Muslim world stems in part from a drift away from the Prophet’s balanced vision of Islam—one rooted in collective action, reason, and worldly engagement. Instead, later manifestations of Tasawwuf (Sufism), shaped by Neoplatonic and Hindu influences, encouraged passivity, excessive asceticism, and blind spiritual allegiance. While acknowledging Sufism’s early contributions of love and compassion, Khan calls for a revival of Islamic thought grounded in ijtehad, moderation, and purposeful action. This episode challenges listeners to critically assess the spiritual traditions they inherit—and to reimagine a path forward that harmonizes inner growth with modern challenges.