In Episode 4—based on Chapter 4 of Zafarullah Khan’s Islam in the Contemporary World: A New Narrative—we examine the civilizational divergence between the Muslim world and the West. Once leaders in scientific and philosophical inquiry, Muslim societies have fallen behind, while the West surged forward through the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and Industrial Age. Khan explores the roots of this divergence, pointing to the abandonment of ijtehad (independent reasoning) and the failure to reform outdated educational and political systems. This episode confronts difficult questions: What can be learned from Western progress? And how can Muslims reclaim their role as active contributors to global civilization?