Welcome to H5N1 Global Scan: Avian Flu Worldwide, a special international focus by Quiet Please. I’m your host, and in just three minutes, we’ll explore the global scope of the ongoing avian influenza threat, the H5N1 outbreak, and what countries are doing to combat its spread as of October 2025.

H5N1 is now present on every continent except Australia, with the clade 2.3.4.4b responsible for major outbreaks in birds, mammals, and even humans. Antarctica witnessed its first discovery of the virus in 2023, alarming scientists with the potential for catastrophic impacts among previously unaffected wildlife. In South America, the virus has decimated wild populations, with Argentina reporting a 70 percent mortality rate among southern elephant seal pups and Chile facing mass deaths of sea lions and swans. In North America, the United States confirmed over 70 human H5N1 cases since 2024, the majority mild, but including the first American death from bird flu in Louisiana. Millions of poultry have been culled, impacting egg supplies and the agricultural sector. Canada and Mexico have both confirmed human cases, while outbreaks in livestock, especially dairy cattle, remain a significant emerging issue.

In Europe, H5N1 has affected 31 countries between December 2024 and March 2025, predominately in wild waterfowl and poultry. Germany reported mass crane deaths and extensive culling efforts, while the United Kingdom found H5N1 in both poultry workers and, notably, in sheep and cows, raising concerns about cross-species transmission. In Asia, China has seen several outbreaks in wild birds and humans alike, while India and Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia and Vietnam have each reported confirmed human fatalities. Southeast Asia remains a hotspot, with FAO warning about reassortant viruses combining genes from multiple lineages, indicating ongoing evolution and regional spread.

The World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization routinely emphasize the importance of global coordination, surveillance, and sharing of epidemiological data. Both agencies note that, despite widespread virus circulation in animals, human infections remain rare, and there is still no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission. However, FAO filings from April 2024 warn that genetic mixing and the broadening host range demand continued vigilance.

International research initiatives have ramped up since the virus’s spread into new species, especially cattle. The CDC and the Friedrich Loeffler Institute in Germany are actively studying transmission dynamics in mammals, while multi-national collaborations are focusing on rapid vaccine development. Several candidate vaccines have shown promise in laboratory and field trials. Uptake and availability, however, vary, with North America and Europe conducting limited poultry vaccinations, while Asian nations, led by China, have made targeted immunization a cornerstone of their containment strategies.

Global efforts at coordination are hampered by cross-border wildlife migration, inconsistent national reporting, and trade challenges. Outbreaks have led to export bans across South America and Asia, causing significant disruptions in food supply chains. The European Union, United States, and many Asian nations have enforced strict biosecurity measures, temporary bans, and intensive surveillance along trade routes.

Different countries pursue varied containment strategies. The United States and Canada focus on rapid detection and mass culling, while the United Kingdom combines culling with targeted vaccination and occupational health surveillance. China employs intensive farm monitoring and vaccination programs. Latin American countries prioritize wildlife tracking due to high-impact outbreaks in marine mammals.

In summary, the H5N1 crisis highlights the need for vigilant global cooperation, advanced surveillance,...