This is H5N1 Global Scan: Avian Flu Worldwide.

As the world enters the final months of 2025, the H5N1 avian influenza outbreak continues to challenge public health and agricultural systems across continents. Here’s a continental breakdown and global perspective on the evolving crisis.

In North America, the United States and Canada have faced widespread outbreaks, with the US experiencing over 20 million poultry culled in late 2024, a surge in cases in commercial and backyard flocks, and the first US human death reported in early 2025. Canada saw its first teenage case with serious complications in late 2024, connecting to the 2.3.4.4b viral clade circulating in wild birds and livestock. Mexico reported its first pediatric fatality this spring. The Pan American Health Organization notes over 4,700 animal outbreaks since 2022, with 74 human cases and growing cross-species transmission, particularly in dairy cattle and other mammals.

South America has reported avian flu in multiple countries, from Argentina to Venezuela, affecting both wild and domestic animals and exposing the region to new risks in livestock and wildlife alike.

Europe, as detailed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, continues to detect outbreaks in wild birds and poultry, especially migratory waterfowl pathways, with new cases in the UK—including rare detections in sheep and farm workers—highlighting novel transmission routes.

Africa and the Middle East are monitoring sporadic outbreaks but remain at risk due to poultry trade and migratory birds. Asia, long a hotspot, faces annual clusters in humans, especially in countries like Cambodia, Vietnam, and China. This year, Cambodia saw several fatal pediatric cases tied to direct poultry exposure. Chinese authorities confirmed large bird die-offs in Qinghai, while Southeast Asia is contending with viral reassortment events producing new, potentially more transmissible hybrid strains.

Internationally, the World Health Organization has labeled H5N1 a persistent pandemic threat, urging vigilant surveillance, rapid reporting, and robust cross-sectoral collaboration. The Food and Agriculture Organization echoed these calls, highlighting increased detection in mammals as a “game changer” for pandemic preparedness and emphasizing early warning systems and rapid containment.

Global research has accelerated, with major international consortia mapping the virus’s evolution, investigating cross-species jumps, and tracking genetic shifts. The US, EU, China, and Mekong Subregion are sharing genomic data and collaborating on epidemiological models. Recent findings reveal ongoing viral reassortment and hybridization, as well as sporadic human-to-human transmission potential—though efficient sustained spread remains limited.

Vaccine development is progressing, with prototype mRNA vaccines and conventional inactivated vaccines under trial across the G7 and China. However, production and distribution bottlenecks—combined with concerns over strain matching—hamper rapid response at global scale.

Trade has taken a hit. Multiple countries have enacted bans on poultry imports from outbreak regions, causing ripple effects through supply chains. Some nations, like the Philippines, have temporarily banned exports from key trading partners, while the US has managed egg shortages after mass cullings.

National approaches to containment vary. The US and Canada focus on mass culling, movement controls, and enhanced farm biosecurity. Southeast Asian countries prioritize rapid human case detection and targeted vaccination of poultry. The UK and EU adopt a mix of surveillance, trade restrictions, and research investment, while Latin American nations coordinate regionally through PAHO and OIE.

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