Guezgouz, N., Ghrieb, L., Ghanem, M., Pinho, J., de Marco, A., & Moustafa, A. A. (2025). Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to point and non-point sources of pollution and mitigation measures for boreholes in the Guelma Plain, Northeastern Algeria. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-025-00406-3

This article assesses groundwater vulnerability to both point and non-point pollution sources in the Guelma Plain, northeastern Algeria, and proposes protection perimeters for five water extraction boreholes. Groundwater in this region faces severe degradation due to industrial discharges, intensive agriculture, and urban expansion. Despite Algeria’s Water Law No. 05-12 mandating protective zones, enforcement remains inconsistent. Using a GIS-based methodology, the study delineates two types of zones: Close Protection Zones (CPP) and Remote Protection Zones (RPP). Hydrodynamic methods—Sichardt, Kusakin, and Cylinder—were applied for CPPs, with Kusakin yielding the most conservative and realistic estimates (radii from 33.0 m to 428.1 m). For RPPs, Infiltration and 3A2E methods produced consistent results (radii from 818.1 m to 1293.5 m). The findings align with GOD vulnerability mapping, confirming the robustness of the approach. Recommended mitigation measures include strict bans on hazardous activities, controlled agricultural practices, and protection of recharge areas, ensuring long-term groundwater sustainability.