In this episode, we explore the critical role of neuroendocrine peptides like insulin, oxytocin, and GLP-1 in modern drug discovery. These natural molecules are powerful regulators of human physiology but have historically posed challenges due to rapid degradation and poor oral bioavailability. The discussion highlights success stories such as long-acting insulin, once-weekly semaglutide, and stable somatostatin analogs, which overcame these hurdles through rational drug design. We also delve into how innovative delivery platforms and artificial intelligence are now accelerating the discovery and optimization of next-generation peptide therapeutics, unlocking treatments for complex conditions like neurological disorders and chronic pain. Produced by Dr. Jake Chen.