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The Human Genome Project [NIH NHGRI] was a monumental international scientific undertaking launched in 1990 and completed in 2003. We detail the project's origins and scientific precursors, highlighting key discoveries like DNA's double helix and the development of sequencing methods that made the HGP feasible. This source explains the global collaborative effort that defined the HGP, including the establishment of the Bermuda Principles for open data sharing, and contrasts the public project's hierarchical sequencing strategy with the faster, privately funded Celera Genomics' whole-genome shotgun approach, detailing their fierce rivalry and eventual joint announcement of a draft sequence. Finally, we explore the HGP's surprising scientific findings, such as the relatively low number of human genes and the revelation about "non-coding DNA," and discusses the project's lasting legacy in transforming medicine through precision approaches and advancing our understanding of human evolution, while also emphasising the pioneering Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) programme.
