This OECD report examines how megatrends—aging populations, evolving labor markets, technological advancements, and climate change—will impact social protection systems in OECD countries. The report analyzes the implications of these trends for social security financing, labor force participation, social inequality, and the need for policy adaptation. Specific issues explored include the rising cost of pensions and eldercare, the challenges of non-standard employment, the potential effects of automation on jobs and wages, and the distributional impacts of climate policies like carbon pricing. The authors offer a comprehensive overview and suggest potential policy responses to ensure the long-term sustainability and equity of social protection.