Throughout this series, we have explored a vast and often gruesome array of ancient punishments. From the Athenian cup of hemlock to the Roman cross, the methods used to punish criminals were designed not just to inflict pain, but to send a powerful social and political message. The form of the punishment was a crucial part of its meaning. This episode is a comparative look at the philosophy and practice of punishment in Greece and Rome. We analyze the different goals of punishment: deterrence, retribution, and in some philosophical views, even reform. We contrast the Greek preference for exile and fines with the Roman taste for brutal, spectacular public executions. We discuss how the severity and type of punishment were almost always tied to the social status of the offender. The ways in which a society chooses to punish its members reveal its deepest values, fears, and power structures. The art of punishment in the classical world was a carefully calibrated performance of justice, designed to uphold the social order and reinforce the authority of the state.