In this episode of 'Conversations in Lung Cancer Research,' Professor Tom John from the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre in Melbourne discusses the significant progress and excitement surrounding cancer vaccines, particularly their emerging role in lung cancer treatment. He is joined by Professor Ken O'Byrne, a medical oncologist and clinical scientist at the Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, and Professor Georgina Long AO, the medical director of the Melanoma Institute of Australia and co-recipient of the 2024 Australian of the Year. The experts delve into technological advances spurred by COVID-19 vaccine development, promising results from recent melanoma and lung cancer vaccine trials, and the potential for personalised neoantigen mRNA vaccines. They also discuss historical challenges in vaccine efficacy and the promising future of immunotherapy and cancer vaccines, including patient perspectives and the logistics of rapid vaccine production and distribution.