Frio recente (2024-2025) em várias regiões não nega aquecimento global (2024 foi o mais quente ). Amplificação Ártica pode influenciar vórtice polar/corrente de jato , gerando frio. Consenso: humanos causam aquecimento ; calor extremo aumenta, frio diminui. Clima volátil exige adaptação e redução de emissões.

Fontes: https://www.uai.com.br/uainoticias/2025/06/12/clima-de-extremo-frio-abala-as-capitais-do-sul-deixando-moradores-assustados/

https://exame.com/brasil/brasil-enfrenta-primeira-onda-de-frio-de-2025-com-neve-e-ciclone-extratropical/

https://www.markvoganweather.com/2025/02/18/europe-winter-2024-25-forecast-how-did-i-do/

https://conafer.org.br/en/hottest-year-2024-high-temperatures-extend-to-2025-with-drought-and-little-rain/

https://www.powder.com/news/two-feet-of-snow-south-america-storm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_North_American_winter

https://www.h2foz.com.br/en/meteorologia/primeira-onda-de-frio-2025-parana/

https://www.climatesignals.org/climate-signals/arctic-amplification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change

https://wmo.int/media/magazine-article/regional-trends-extreme-events-ipcc-2021-report

https://science.feedback.org/cold-snaps-during-global-warming-are-not-actually-paradox-heres-why/

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/chapter/chapter-11/

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/65895/noaa_65895_DS1.pdf

10 https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2024

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/polar-vortex/early-interesting-end-2024-25-polar-vortex-season

https://science.feedback.org/cold-snaps-during-global-warming-are-not-actually-paradox-heres-why/

https://www.climatesignals.org/climate-signals/arctic-amplification

https://science.feedback.org/cold-snaps-during-global-warming-are-not-actually-paradox-heres-why/

https://glisa.umich.edu/arctic-amplification-and-arctic-oscillation/

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/polar-vortex/polar-vortex-causing-us-cold-air-outbreak

https://www.woodwellclimate.org/warmth-is-weakening-the-polar-vortex-heres-what-it-means-for-extreme-cold/

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/polar-vortex/polar-vortex-intensifications-overlooked-influencer

https://wmo.int/media/news/european-state-of-climate-extreme-events-warmest-year-record

https://watchers.news/2025/03/05/final-polar-vortex-collapse-of-the-season-begins/

https://apnews.com/article/polar-vortex-chilly-cold-climate-change-frigid-5dd0dcb49a7ead488e221e8c5d9edc8f

https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-112621-083538#:~:text=Abstract,understanding%20of%20anthropogenic%20climate%20change.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution