Columbus's arrival initiated European invasion marked by conquest, slavery, and death for Indigenous populations. His reports to Spain exaggerated riches and the naivete of Indians. Soon, lacking gold, the Spanish turned to enslaving Indians on encomiendas, leading to their decimation. Bartolome de las Casas became a key critic of Spanish cruelty, documenting the atrocities.

The English in North America also employed violence against Indians. Powhatan's plea for peaceful coexistence was ignored. Massacres and land seizure characterized their interactions. Colonial society had stark class divisions. Wealthy elites controlled much of the land and power, while the poor, including indentured servants, faced harsh conditions.

The American Revolution, while often portrayed as a unified struggle for liberty, also had underlying class tensions. The elite mobilized the lower classes by appealing to shared grievances, but their interests were not always aligned. The Constitution, according to the author, served the interests of the wealthy elite while offering enough to other classes to build support.

In the 19th century, westward expansion led to the forced removal and devastation of Native American tribes. Treaties were broken, and the concept of Indian removal was justified by ideas of racial superiority and progress. The Trail of Tears exemplifies this brutal policy.

The desire for land and expansion also fueled the Mexican-American War, opposed by some as a war to extend slavery. The Spanish-American War and the subsequent Philippine-American War revealed American imperial ambitions, driven by economic interests and a belief in Anglo-Saxon superiority.

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of industrial capitalism, leading to harsh working conditions and the growth of labor movements. Strikes and labor organizing challenged the power of industrialists. Socialist ideas gained traction, offering alternative visions to capitalism.

The World Wars saw the mobilization of national unity, often obscuring underlying social and economic inequalities. After World War II, the Cold War fueled anti-communism and domestic repression. The Vietnam War exposed the brutality of American foreign policy and led to widespread protest and questioning of government authority.

Throughout American history, various groups faced oppression and resisted in different ways. The author's perspective emphasizes the conflicts between the powerful and the powerless, advocating for a history that remembers the resistance of ordinary people against injustice. Traditional history, according to the author, often serves the interests of the state and the elite by presenting a sanitized and heroic narrative.