5.4 Design and implement controls to protect credentials, secrets, and cryptographic key materials. - In this episode, we dive into the critical aspects of protecting credentials, secrets, and cryptographic keys in AWS, as outlined in Task Statement 5.4 of the AWS Certified Security - Specialty exam. We break down the importance of safeguarding sensitive elements like API keys and database passwords, examining how tools like AWS Secrets Manager and Systems Manager Parameter Store help centralize, rotate, and audit credentials to thwart breaches and meet compliance requirements. Youll learn why automatic rotation, tight access policies, granular auditing, and integration with IAM roles are key to maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of secrets throughout their lifecycle. We also discuss the nuances of symmetric and asymmetric key management in AWS KMS, including rotation strategies, regulatory controls, and secure deletionall while exploring cost-effective approaches. The episode highlights designing robust key policies that restrict cryptographic operations to only authorized identities, ensuring granular protection and detailed usage monitoring. Finally, we cover best practices for importing and removing customer-provided key material, maintaining control in high-security or regulated environments, and seamlessly supporting sovereignty or data residency mandates.